State of Michigan v JAMES FREDERICK OHLINGER
Docket No. 118049
Court of Appeals of Michigan
183 Mich App 639; 455 NW2d 715
January 18, 1990, Submitted May 7, 1990, Decided
Before: Holbrook, Jr., P.J., and Wahls and T. M. Burns, * JJ.
* Former Court of Appeals judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
Opinion by: HOLBROOK
OPINION
The people appeal by leave granted from an order of the Oakland Circuit Court suppressing evidence seized following defendant's arrest without a warrant for two misdemeanor violations under City of Troy Ordinances, operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor and leaving the scene of a personal injury accident. We affirm.
Officer Brad Dalton of the Troy police was called to the scene of an accident by a homeowner, Mr. King, who informed him that an unidentified driver had crashed into a mailbox and van and then left the scene without stopping. Mr. King provided a description of the car and a license plate number. He also told Officer Dalton that the man in the car drove away slowly, holding his head as if he were injured. Officer Dalton ran a check on the license plate number and received the address of the person to whom the car was registered.
Officer Dalton proceeded to the address and observed a vehicle matching the description given him by Mr. King parked in the driveway. The vehicle had damage to its front end. He knocked on the front door of the residence but received no response. He had the police dispatcher obtain the phone number for the residence and call. Although Officer Dalton could hear the phone ringing, there was no response from inside the house. Officer Dalton shined his flashlight through the front window but observed nothing.
At this point, a second officer arrived at the scene. While he continued knocking on the front door, Officer Dalton proceeded around the house, shining his light into a bedroom window. There he observed the defendant, either unconscious or asleep, on the bed and bleeding from the face. He tried to rouse the defendant by beating on the window, yelling and shining his flashlight into defendant's face, but to no avail.
It was at this point, Officer Dalton testified at the evidentiary hearing, that he concluded the defendant could be seriously injured. The officers found an unlocked rear door, entered the residence and went directly to the bedroom where the defendant had been observed.
Officer Dalton testified that they were able to wake the defendant after several minutes. They smelled intoxicants on the defendant's breath and concluded that, other than his superficial facial injuries, defendant did not appear to be seriously injured.
At 11:30 p.m., Mr. King arrived at the home and identified the defendant as the person he had observed hit his mailbox and van and drive off without stopping. The officers then proceeded to arrest the defendant.
Following an evidentiary hearing, the district court denied defendant's motion to suppress, holding that the officers' entry into the home was permissible and the arrest without a warrant was authorized by statute. Defendant appealed this ruling to the Oakland Circuit Court where it was reversed.
The people's first issue is whether a police officer may make a misdemeanor arrest without a warrant in a person's home when the officer has reasonable cause to believe the safety of the defendant requires an entry into the home without permission.
It is clear that, by statute, a police officer may arrest a person without a warrant when the officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person was involved in an accident, and at the time of the accident was operating the vehicle under the influence of intoxicants. MCL 257.625(1); MSA 9.2325(1) and MCL 764.15(1)(h); MSA 28.874(1)(h).
A police officer's authority to enter a building without permission in order to effectuate an arrest is, however, limited by MCL 764.21; MSA 28.880, which provides:
A private person, when making an arrest for a felony committed in his or her presence, or a peace officer or federal law enforcement officer, when making an arrest with a warrant or when making a felony arrest without a warrant as authorized by law, may break open an inner or outer door of a building in which the person to be arrested is located or is reasonably believed to be located if, after announcing his or her purpose, he or she is refused admittance.
Panels of this Court have split over this statute's effect on misdemeanor arrests without warrants. The panel in People v Strelow, 96 Mich App 182; 292 NW2d 517 (1980), construed the statute to allow police officers to make entries to arrest for a misdemeanor without a warrant if they announce their purpose and are denied admittance. The panel in People v Reinhardt, 141 Mich App 173; 366 NW2d 245 (1985), however, concluded that the statute's silence as to misdemeanors means that police officers are not authorized to enter private homes without consent to make misdemeanor arrests without warrants. Our Supreme Court declined to consider this conflict between the cases. 422 Mich 1206; 369 NW2d 201 (1985).
Although the reasoning of the district court in the case before us is not crystal clear, it appears that the court interpreted MCL 764.21; MSA 28.880 as at most prohibiting entries to arrest without warrants on misdemeanor charges only when permission to enter is denied. The court then apparently concluded that, since the officers were not refused admittance within the meaning of the statute but were instead never granted admittance, the entry was statutorily proper.
Being "refused admittance" and never being "granted admittance" are two vastly different concepts. Being "refused admittance," as used in the statute, clearly indicates the drafters intended that a response of some sort be made, although a verbal response is not necessary. Among the non-verbal responses which have been found to be equivalent to being "refused admittance" were the sounds of activity within and then silence and the sound of footsteps running away from the door. See, e.g., United States v Harris, 391 F2d 384 (CA 6, 1968), and People v Brown, 43 Mich App 74; 204 NW2d 41 (1972). Never being "granted admittance," on the other hand, indicates absolute silence, no response at all, verbal or nonverbal, at all to the officers' announcement of their presence.
On the facts of the instant case, we conclude that the total lack of response from within to the officers' presence outside does not meet the "refused admittance" standard set forth in the statute. Defendant's arrest was therefore statutorily invalid.
Turning to the constitutionality of defendant's arrest, we find the arrest to be constitutionally invalid as well. While it is well settled that exigent circumstances may justify arrests without warrants under both the United States and Michigan constitutions, Welsh v Wisconsin, 466 US 740; 104 S Ct 2091; 80 L Ed 2d 732 (1984), and People v Oliver, 417 Mich 366; 338 NW2d 167 (1983), it is far from settled that alleged concern about the physical safety of the arrestee is such an exigent circumstance. While other jurisdictions have held that a reasonable belief that a person within the premises needs emergency assistance is an exigent circumstance justifying an entry without a warrant, the person requiring that assistance has always been a victim and not the arrestee.
On the basis of the facts of this case, we are unwilling to declare that the concern about the physical safety of the arrestee is an exigent circumstance sufficient to justify a misdemeanor arrest without a warrant inside a home in Michigan. As the United States Supreme Court noted in Welsh, supra, it is difficult to conceive of an arrest without a warrant in a home on a relatively minor underlying offense that would not be unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
We also reject the people's argument that the officer was in hot pursuit of the defendant, relying on MCL 780.105; MSA 28.1286(5), the so-called "fresh pursuit" statute. By definition, the statute limits "fresh pursuit" to the pursuit of a felon or suspected felon, neither of which applies to the defendant before us.
A trial court's decision following a suppression hearing will not be reversed unless it is clearly erroneous. People v Burrell, 417 Mich 439, 448; 339 NW2d 403 (1983). A finding is clearly erroneous when the reviewing court is firmly convinced that a mistake has been made. People v Smith, 162 Mich App 534, 539; 413 NW2d 42 (1987). We believe the trial court's denial of defendant's suppression motion was erroneous as none of the recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement were applicable to this case. The circuit court therefore properly reversed the district court's decision.
The people's second issue concerns the propriety of the corporeal identification at the defendant's home without counsel. The people argue it was proper because such confrontation was a reasonable police practice, permitting the police to immediately determine whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the suspect is connected with the crime and subject to arrest or merely an unfortunate victim of circumstance. We disagree.
The rationale behind the prompt, on the scene corporeal identification within the minutes of a crime exception to the general rule that a defendant is entitled to have counsel present during identification does not apply to the facts in this case. There was already a reasonable likelihood that defendant was the driver of the car that drove across the King's property. There was no reason to believe that Mr. King would be less able to identify defendant the following day than he was that night. Upon these facts, such an identification cannot be deemed to be a reasonable police practice.
Affirmed.